When Doctors and AI Interact: on Human Responsibility for Artificial Risks.

A discussion concerning whether to conceive Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems as responsible moral entities, also known as "artificial moral agents" (AMAs), has been going on for some time. In this regard, we argue that the notion of "moral agency" is to be attributed only to humans based on their autonomy and sentience, which AI systems lack. We analyze human responsibility in the presence of AI systems in terms of meaningful control and due diligence and argue against fully automated systems in medicine. With this perspective in mind, we focus on the use of AI-based diagnostic systems and shed light on the complex networks of persons, organizations and artifacts that come to be when AI systems are designed, developed, and used in medicine. We then discuss relational criteria of judgment in support of the attribution of responsibility to humans when adverse events are caused or induced by errors in AI systems.

[Liability and legal security of healthcare professionals in the context of a pandemic]. / Responsabilidad penal médica y seguridad jurídica en contextos de pandemia.

This paper deals with the relevance of bioethical guidelines for the prioritization of patient care. These guidelines should guide health professionals' triage procedures in exceptional situations of resource shortage. Also, they would contribute to evaluate the legal liability of professionals in these situations.

Responsabilidad penal médica y seguridad jurídica en contextos de pandemia / Liability and legal security of healthcare professionals in the context of a pandemic

This paper deals with the relevance of bioethical guidelines for the prioritization of patient care. These guidelines should guide health professionals' triage procedures in exceptional situations of resource shortage. Also, they would contribute to evaluate the legal liability of professionals in these situations.

Impact of the Directive 2011/24/EU on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare. A comparative analysis

Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare is aimed at ensuring patient mobility and establishing some rules for facilitating access to safe and high-quality healthcare. Moreover, it sought to promote cooperation on healthcare between Member States, whilst fully respecting their responsibilities in the organisation and delivery of such healthcare. This paper is a comparative study of the impact of the Directive in some EU Member States

La Directiva 2011/24/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 9 de marzo de 2011, relativa a la aplicación de los derechos de los pacientes en la asistencia sanitaria transfronteriza, tiene como objetivos garantizar la movilidad de los pacientes, establecer unas reglas para facilitar su acceso a una asistencia sanitaria segura y de alta calidad en la Unión Europea, y promover la cooperación en materia de asistencia sanitaria entre los Estados miembros, respetando plenamente las responsabilidades de éstos en la organización y prestación de dicha asistencia. Este artículo es un estudio comparativo del impacto de la Directiva en algunos Estados Miembro

La inferencia causal, el problema de la demarcación y el uso del análisis filogenético en el proceso penal: ¿Hacia una nueva figura de juez? (A propósito de la Sentencia de la Corte de Casación italiana en el caso Grandi Rischi y sobre la responsabilidad penal por contagio de agentes infecciosos) / No disponible

A la luz de la estructura lógica de la «abducción jurídica», el artículo aborda las cuestiones concernientes a la selección del conocimiento nomológico explicativo -con especial referencia a la evaluación de su fiabilidad y al problema de la «demarcación»- y al uso de pruebas científicas para comprobar el nexo de causalidad entre acción y resultado. En particular, el autor centra su atención en la Sentencia de la Corte de Casación italiana (2016) sobre el caso del terremoto de L'Aquila (2009) y en el uso del análisis filogenético en los procesos por contagio del VIH y del VHC. En las conclusiones, se defiende la necesidad de que a los jueces se les proporcione una formación interdisciplinaria adecuada para que puedan entender la naturaleza de las cuestiones científicas que se plantean en los procesos penales

In the light of the logical structure of the abductive reasoning, this paper deals with the question concerning the selection of the explanatory nomological knowledge - especially with reference to the evaluation of its reliability and the «demarcation problem» - and the use of scientific evidence to prove causation. The author focuses his attention on the sentence of the Italian Cassation Court in the "Grandi Rischi" case (2009 - 2016) and deals with the use of phylogenetic analysis to prove causation in prosecutions for HIV or HCV transmission. In his final remarks, he maintains the need for judges to have proper interdisciplinary training in order to understand those scientific issues that frequently arise in criminal trials

Utilização da biofotogrametria para a avaliação da flexibilidade de tronco / Use of biophotogrammetry for assessment of trunk flexibility

INTRODUÇÃO: a ginástica rítmica (GR) é uma modalidade de ginástica que requer alto grau de flexibilidade, em virtude dos movimentos complexos que são requeridos. OBJETIVO: esta pesquisa objetivou comparar o teste de sentar e alcançar (TSA) e a técnica de biofotogrametria como indicadores de flexibilidade de tronco, em praticantes iniciantes de GR. METODOLOGIA: a amostra contou com 60 meninas (de cinco a 11 anos de idade) de um universo de 110, todas matriculadas em um centro de iniciação esportiva no estado do Paraná. A coleta de dados foi realizada no mês de novembro do ano de 2009. Para a comparação TSA com a biofotogrametria, foram traçados os ângulos de flexão da pelve (WP), flexão da coluna lombar (WC) e flexão do total do tronco (WT). RESULTADOS: o resultado médio atingido pelas participantes na escala do TSA foi de 27,75cm. Encontrou-se forte correlação do ângulo WT com o TSA. Por ser uma composição de WC e WP, o WT possibilita uma visualização global da distância do tronco até os membros inferiores quando ocorre a flexão durante o teste. Por isso, as correlações entre os ângulos são boas e significativas. CONCLUSÃO: uma vez que o TSA apresenta alguns fatores intervenientes que podem mascarar o seu resultado, a biofotogrametria é discutida como um teste que permite observar, através de imagens fotográficas e cálculos angulares, dados fidedignos para a mensuração de flexibilidade e compensações musculares não identificadas normalmente.

INTRODUCTION: Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) is a type of gymnastics that requires a high degree of flexibility due to the complexity of the required movements. OBJECTIVE: this study aimed to compare the sit and reach test (SRT) and the Biophotogrammetry technique as indicators of trunk flexibility in beginning GR practitioners. METHODS: the sample included 60 girls (5-11 years old) from a universe of 110, all enrolled in a Center for Sports Initiation in Parana State. Data collection was performed in November, 2009. IN order to compare the TSA and biophotogrammetry, angles of the pelvis (WP), spinal flexion (WC) and total trunk flexion (WT) were drawn. RESULTS: the average score achieved by the participants on theTSA scale was 27.75 cm. A strong correlation was found between WT angle and the TSA values. Since it is a combination of the WC and WP, the WT provides a global view of the distance from the trunk to the legs when bending occurs during the test. Therefore, the correlations between the angles are good and meaningful. CONCLUSION: since the TSA has some intervening factors that may mask the result, biophotogrammetry is discussed as a test that allows the observation of reliable data for measuring flexibility and muscle compensation which are not usually identified, through photographs and angular calculations.

Efeitos de um treinamento em autocontrole aplicado em obesos / Effects of a self-control training applied to obese patients / Efectos de un entrenamiento en autocontrol aplicado en obesos

Estudo descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, do tipo delineamento experimental intra-sujeito. Verifica o efeito de um Treinamento em Autocontrole-TA sobre os fatores comportamentais que influenciam o peso corporal e descreve as variáveis que interferem no alcance de metas individuais. O TA foi aplicado em mulheres obesas em tratamento no Programa de Obesidade de um hospital público de Vitória-ES, em 12 sessões grupais semanais. O comportamento de cinco pacientes, das dez que iniciaram o TA, foi analisado, observando-se mudanças favoráveis nas relações sociais, familiares, pessoais e nos estados emocionais. Houve alteração de comportamentos relacionados com perda de peso corporal, com atividade física e comportamento alimentar, que produziram conseqüências discretas na redução do peso.

Descriptive and qualitative study using an intra-subject experimental design. It verifies the effect of Self-control Training-ST on the behavioral factors that influence overweight and describes the variables that interfere in reaching the individual goals. The TA was applied to obese women that were patients at an public hospital in Vitória-ES, Brazil, during 12 week group sessions. From 10 patients that enrolled the TA, the behavior of five of them was analyzed. The results points out to favorable changes in familial, interpersonal, and personal relationships and emotions. Behavioral modifications were related to weight loss such as eating behavior and exercises that produced modest consequences on obesity.

Estudio descriptivo, de naturaleza cualitativa, del tipo delineamiento experimental intrasujeto. Verifica el efecto de un Entrenamiento en Autocontrol-EA sobre los factores comportamentales que influyen en el peso corporal y describe las variables que interfieren en el alcance de metas individuales. El EA fue aplicado en mujeres obesas en tratamiento en el Programa de Obesidad de un hospital público de Victoria-ES, en 12 (doce) sesiones grupales semanales. El comportamiento de 5 (cinco) pacientes, de las 10 (diez) que comenzaron el EA, fue analizado, observándose cambios favorables en las relaciones sociales, familiares, personales y en los estados emocionales. Hubo alteración de comportamientos relacionados con la pérdida de peso corporal, con actividad física y comportamiento alimentar, que produjeron consecuencias discretas en la reducción del peso.